Contents

 
• List of Figures
• 12.3.1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Acknowledgments
  • 1.2 Course Notes Web Site
• 2 About OpenGL
• 3 Modelling
  • 3.1 Modelling Considerations
  • 3.2 Decomposition and Tessellation
  • 3.3 Capping Clipped Solids with the Stencil Buffer
  • 3.4 Constructive Solid Geometry with the Stencil Buffer
• 4 Geometry and Transformations
  • 4.1 Stereo Viewing
    • 4.1.1 Fusion Distance
    • 4.1.2 Computing the Transforms
    • 4.1.3 Rotate vs. Shear
  • 9.2 Depth of Field
  • 4.3 The Z Coordinate and Perspective Projection
    • 4.3.1 Depth Buffering
  • 4.4 Image Tiling
  • 4.5 Moving the Current Raster Position
• 5 Texture Mapping
  • 5.1 Review
    • 5.1.1 Filtering
    • 5.1.2 Texture Environment
  • 5.2 MIPmap Generation
  • 5.3 View Dependent Filtering
  • 5.4 Fine Tuning
  • 5.5 Paging Textures
  • 5.6 Transparency Mapping and Trimming with Alpha
  • 5.7 Billboards
  • 5.8 Rendering Text
  • 5.9 Projective Textures
  • 5.10 Environment Mapping
  • 5.11 Image Warping and Dewarping
  • 5.12 3D Textures
    • 5.12.1 Using 3D Textures
      • 3D Textures vs. MIPmaps
    • 5.12.2 3D Texture Portability
    • 5.12.3 3D Textures to Render Solid Materials
    • 5.12.4 3D Textures as Multidimensional Functions
  • 5.13 Procedural Texture Generation
    • 5.13.1 Filtered Noise Functions
    • 5.13.2 Generating Noise Functions
    • 5.13.3 High Resolution Filtering
    • 5.13.4 Spectral Synthesis
    • 5.13.5 Other Noise Functions
    • 5.13.6 Turbulence
    • 5.13.7 Example: Image Warping
    • 5.13.8 Generating 3D Noise
    • 5.13.9 Generating 2D Noise to Simulate 3D Noise
    • Trade-offs Between 3D and 2D Techniques
• 8.4 Blending
  • 6.1 Compositing
  • 6.2 Advanced Blending
  • 6.3 Painting
  • 6.4 Blending with the Accumulation Buffer
• 7 Antialiasing
  • 7.1 Antialiasing Points and Lines
  • 7.2 Polygon Antialiasing
  • 7.3 Multisampling
  • 7.4 Antialiasing With Textures
  • 7.5 Antialiasing with Accumulation Buffer
• 8 Lighting
  • 8.1 Phong Shading
    • 8.1.1 Phong Highlights with Texture
    • 8.1.2 Spotlight Effects using Projective Textures
    • 8.1.3 Phong shading by Adaptive Tessellation
  • 8.2 Light Maps
    • 8.2.1 2D Texture Light Maps
    • 8.2.2 3D Texture Light Maps
  • 8.3 Bump Mapping with Textures
    • 8.3.1 Tangent Space
    • 8.3.2 Going for higher quality
  • Blending
    • 8.4.1 Why does this work?
    • 8.4.2 Limitations
  • 8.5 Choosing Material Properties
    • 8.5.1 Modeling Material Type
      • Dielectrics
      • Metals
      • Composite Materials
      • Other Materials
    • 8.5.2 Modeling Material Smoothness
• 9 Scene Realism
  • 9.1 Motion Blur
  • Depth of Field
  • 9.3 Reflections and Refractions
    • 9.3.1 Planar Reflectors
      • Planar Reflections and Refractions using the Stencil Buffer
      • Planar Reflections using Texture Mapping
      • Interreflections
    • 9.3.2 Sphere Mapping
      • Using a Sphere Map
      • Generating a Sphere Map for Specular Reflection
      • Multipass Techniques and Interreflections
      • Other Sphere Mapping Techniques
      • Limitations of Sphere Mapping
  • 9.4 Creating Shadows
    • 9.4.1 Projection Shadows
      • Projection Shadow Trade-offs
    • 9.4.2 Shadow Volumes
      • Multiple Light Sources
      • Shadow Volume Trade-offs
    • 9.4.3 Shadow Maps
      • Shadow Map Trade-offs
    • 9.4.4 Soft Shadows by Jittering Lights
    • 9.4.5 Soft Shadows Using Textures
• 10 Transparency
  • Screen-Door Transparency
  • 10.2 Alpha Blending
  • 10.3 Sorting
  • 10.4 Using the Alpha Function
  • 10.5 Using Multisampling
• 11 Natural Phenomena
  • 11.1 Smoke
  • 11.2 Vapor Trails
  • 11.3 Fire
  • 11.4 Clouds
  • 11.5 Water
  • 11.6 Light Points
  • 11.7 Other Atmospheric Effects
• 12 Image Processing
  • Introduction
    • 12.1.1 The Pixel Transfer Pipeline
    • 12.1.2 Geometric Drawing and Texturing
    • The Frame Buffer and Per-Fragment Operations
  • 12.2 Colors and Color Spaces
    • 12.2.1 The Accumulation Buffer: Interpolation and Extrapolation
    • 12.2.2 Pixel Scale and Bias Operations
    • Look-Up Tables
      • Pixel Maps
      • The Color Table Extension
      • The Texture Color Table Extension
      • The Pixel Texture Extension
        • Equivalent Functionality Without SGIX_pixel_texture
    • 12.2.4 The Color Matrix Extension
      • Equivalent Functionality Without SGI_color_matrix
      • Scale and Bias
      • Conversion to Luminance
      • Modifying Saturation
      • Hue Rotation
      • CMY Conversion
      • YIQ Conversion
  • 12.3 Convolutions
    • Introduction
    • 12.3.2 The Convolution Operation
      • Two-Dimensional Convolutions
      • Separable Filters
    • 12.3.3 Convolutions Using the Accumulation Buffer
    • 12.3.4 The Convolution Extension
    • 12.3.5 Useful Convolution Filters
      • Line detection
        • Horizontal Edges
        • Vertical Edges
        • Left Diagonal Edges
        • Right Diagonal Edges
      • Gradient Detection (Embossing)
        • North
        • West
        • East
        • South
        • Northeast
      • Smoothing and Blurring
        • Arithmetic Mean
        • Basic Smooth: 3x3
        • Basic Smooth: 5x5
      • High-pass Filters
        • Basic High-Pass Filter: 3x3
        • Basic High-Pass Filter: 5x5
      • Laplacian Filter
      • Sobel Filter
        • Horizontal
        • Vertical
  • 12.4 Image Warping
    • 12.4.1 The Pixel Zoom Operation
    • 12.4.2 Warps Using Texture Mapping
      • Line Integral Convolution
• 13 Volume Visualization with Texture
  • 13.1 Overview of the Technique
  • 13.2 3D Texture Volume Rendering
  • 13.3 2D Texture Volume Rendering
  • 13.4 Blending Operators
    • 13.4.1 Over
    • 13.4.2 Attenuate
    • 13.4.3 MIP
    • 13.4.4 Under
  • 13.5 Sampling Frequency
  • 13.6 Shrinking the Volume Image
  • 13.7 Virtualizing Texture Memory
  • 13.8 Mixing Volumetric and Geometric Objects
  • 13.9 Transfer Functions
  • 13.10 Volume Cutting Planes
  • 13.11 Shading the Volume
  • 13.12 Warped Volumes
• 14 Using the Stencil Buffer
  • 14.1 Dissolves with Stencil
  • 14.2 Decaling with Stencil
  • 14.3 Finding Depth Complexity with the Stencil Buffer
  • 14.4 Compositing Images with Depth
• 15 Line Rendering Techniques
  • 15.1 Hidden Lines
  • 15.2 Haloed Lines
  • 15.3 Silhouette Edges
• 16 Tuning Your OpenGL Application
  • 16.1 What Is Pipeline Tuning?
    • Three-Stage Model of the Graphics Pipeline
    • 16.1.2 Finding Bottlenecks in Your Application
      • Application bottlenecks.
      • Geometry bottlenecks.
      • Rasterization bottlenecks.
    • 16.1.3 Factors Influencing Performance
  • 16.2 Optimizing Your Application Code
    • 16.2.1 Optimize Cache and Memory Usage
      • Minimizing Cache Misses.
    • 16.2.2 Store Data in a Format That is Efficient for Rendering
      • Minimizing State Changes.
    • Per-Platform Tuning
  • 16.3 Tuning the Geometry Subsystem
    • 16.3.1 Use Expensive Modes Efficiently
    • 16.3.2 Optimizing Transformations
    • 16.3.3 Optimizing Lighting Performance
    • Advanced Geometry-Limited Tuning Techniques
  • 16.4 Tuning the Raster Subsystem
    • 16.4.1 Using Backface/Frontface Removal
    • Minimizing Per-Pixel Calculations
      • Avoid Unnecessary Per-Fragment Operations.
      • Use Simple Fill Algorithms for Large Polygons.
      • Use the Depth Buffer Efficiently.
    • 16.4.3 Optimizing Texture Mapping
    • 16.4.4 Clearing the Color and Depth Buffers Simultaneously
  • 16.5 Rendering Geometry Efficiently
    • Using Peak-Performance Primitives
    • 16.5.2 Using Vertex Arrays
    • 16.5.3 Using Display Lists
    • 16.5.4 Balancing Polygon Size and Pixel Operations
  • 16.6 Rendering Images Efficiently
  • 16.7 Tuning Animation
    • 16.7.1 Factors Contributing to Animation Speed
    • 16.7.2 Optimizing Frame Rate Performance
  • 16.8 Taking Timing Measurements
    • 16.8.1 Benchmarking Basics
    • 16.8.2 Achieving Accurate Timing Measurements
    • 16.8.3 Achieving Accurate Benchmarking Results
• 17 List of Demo Programs
• 18 Equation Appendix
  • 18.1 Projection Matrices
    • 18.1.1 Perspective Projection
    • 18.1.2 Orthographic Projection
  • 18.2 Lighting Equations
    • 18.2.1 Attenuation Factor
    • 18.2.2 Spotlight Effect
    • 18.2.3 Ambient Term
    • 18.2.4 Diffuse Term
    • 18.2.5 Specular Term
    • 18.2.6 Putting It All Together
• 19 References
• References
• About this document ...