java.net
Class URL

java.lang.Object
  |
  +--java.net.URL

public final class URL

extends Object

implements Serializable

Class URL represents a Uniform Resource Locator, a pointer to a "resource" on the World Wide Web. A resource can be something as simple as a file or a directory, or it can be a reference to a more complicated object, such as a query to a database or to a search engine. More information on the types of URLs and their formats can be found at:

     http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/demoweb/url-primer.html
 

In general, a URL can be broken into several parts. The previous example of a URL indicates that the protocol to use is http (HyperText Transport Protocol) and that the information resides on a host machine named www.ncsa.uiuc.edu. The information on that host machine is named demoweb/url-primer.html. The exact meaning of this name on the host machine is both protocol dependent and host dependent. The information normally resides in a file, but it could be generated on the fly. This component of the URL is called the file component, even though the information is not necessarily in a file.

A URL can optionally specify a "port", which is the port number to which the TCP connection is made on the remote host machine. If the port is not specified, the default port for the protocol is used instead. For example, the default port for http is 80. An alternative port could be specified as:

     http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu:8080/demoweb/url-primer.html
 

A URL may have appended to it an "anchor", also known as a "ref" or a "reference". The anchor is indicated by the sharp sign character "#" followed by more characters. For example,

     http://java.sun.com/index.html#chapter1
 

This anchor is not technically part of the URL. Rather, it indicates that after the specified resource is retrieved, the application is specifically interested in that part of the document that has the tag chapter1 attached to it. The meaning of a tag is resource specific.

An application can also specify a "relative URL", which contains only enough information to reach the resource relative to another URL. Relative URLs are frequently used within HTML pages. For example, if the contents of the URL:

     http://java.sun.com/index.html
 

contained within it the relative URL:

     FAQ.html
 

it would be a shorthand for:

     http://java.sun.com/FAQ.html
 

The relative URL need not specify all the components of a URL. If the protocol, host name, or port number is missing, the value is inherited from the fully specified URL. The file component must be specified. The optional anchor is not inherited.

Since:

JDK1.0

See Also:

Serialized Form

Constructor Summary

URL(String spec)
Creates a URL object from the String representation.

URL(String protocol, String host, int port, String file)
Creates a URL object from the specified protocol, host, port number, and file.

URL(String protocol, String host, int port, String file, URLStreamHandler handler)
Creates a URL object from the specified protocol, host, port number, file, and handler.

URL(String protocol, String host, String file)
Creates an absolute URL from the specified protocol name, host name, and file name.

URL(URL context, String spec)
Creates a URL by parsing the specification spec within a specified context.

URL(URL context, String spec, URLStreamHandler handler)
Creates a URL by parsing the specification spec within a specified context.

Method Summary

boolean	equals(Object obj) Compares two URLs.
Object	getContent() Returns the contents of this URL.
String	getFile() Returns the file name of this URL.
String	getHost() Returns the host name of this URL, if applicable.
int	getPort() Returns the port number of this URL.
String	getProtocol() Returns the protocol name this URL.
String	getRef() Returns the anchor (also known as the "reference") of this URL.
int	hashCode() Creates an integer suitable for hash table indexing.
URLConnection	openConnection() Returns a URLConnection object that represents a connection to the remote object referred to by the URL.
InputStream	openStream() Opens a connection to this URL and returns an InputStream for reading from that connection.
boolean	sameFile(URL other) Compares two URLs, excluding the "ref" fields.
protected void	set(String protocol, String host, int port, String file, String ref) Sets the fields of the URL.
static void	setURLStreamHandlerFactory(URLStreamHandlerFactory fac) Sets an application's URLStreamHandlerFactory.
String	toExternalForm() Constructs a string representation of this URL.
String	toString() Constructs a string representation of this URL.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

clone, finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait

Constructor Detail

URL

public URL(String protocol,
           String host,
           int port,
           String file)
    throws MalformedURLException

Creates a URL object from the specified protocol, host, port number, and file. Specifying a port number of -1 indicates that the URL should use the default port for the protocol.

If this is the first URL object being created with the specified protocol, a stream protocol handler object, an instance of class URLStreamHandler, is created for that protocol:

1. If the application has previously set up an instance of URLStreamHandlerFactory as the stream handler factory, then the createURLStreamHandler method of that instance is called with the protocol string as an argument to create the stream protocol handler.
2. If no URLStreamHandlerFactory has yet been set up, or if the factory's createURLStreamHandler method returns null, then the constructor finds the value of the system property:

            java.protocol.handler.pkgs
        

   If the value of that system property is not null, it is interpreted as a list of packages separated by a vertical slash character '|'. The constructor tries to load the class named:

            <package>.<protocol>.Handler
        

   where <package> is replaced by the name of the package and <protocol> is replaced by the name of the protocol. If this class does not exist, or if the class exists but it is not a subclass of URLStreamHandler, then the next package in the list is tried.
3. If the previous step fails to find a protocol handler, then the constructor tries to load the class named:

            sun.net.www.protocol.<protocol>.Handler
        

   If this class does not exist, or if the class exists but it is not a subclass of URLStreamHandler, then a MalformedURLException is thrown.

Parameters:

protocol - the name of the protocol.

host - the name of the host.

port - the port number.

file - the host file.

Throws:

MalformedURLException - if an unknown protocol is specified.

See Also:

System.getProperty(java.lang.String), setURLStreamHandlerFactory(java.net.URLStreamHandlerFactory), URLStreamHandler, URLStreamHandlerFactory.createURLStreamHandler(java.lang.String)

URL

public URL(String protocol,
           String host,
           String file)
    throws MalformedURLException

Creates an absolute URL from the specified protocol name, host name, and file name. The default port for the specified protocol is used.

This method is equivalent to calling the four-argument constructor with the arguments being protocol, host, -1, and file.

Parameters:

protocol - the protocol to use.

host - the host to connect to.

file - the file on that host.

Throws:

MalformedURLException - if an unknown protocol is specified.

See Also:

URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, int, java.lang.String)

URL

public URL(String protocol,
           String host,
           int port,
           String file,
           URLStreamHandler handler)
    throws MalformedURLException

Creates a URL object from the specified protocol, host, port number, file, and handler. Specifying a port number of -1 indicates that the URL should use the default port for the protocol. Specifying a handler of null indicates that the URL should use a default stream handler for the protocol, as outlined for:

     java.net.URL#URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, int,
                      java.lang.String)
 

If the handler is not null and there is a security manager, the security manager's checkPermission method is called with a NetPermission("specifyStreamHandler") permission. This may result in a SecurityException.

Parameters:

protocol - the name of the protocol.

host - the name of the host.

port - the port number.

file - the host file.

handler - the stream handler.

Throws:

MalformedURLException - if an unknown protocol is specified.

SecurityException - if a security manager exists and its checkPermission method doesn't allow specifying a stream handler explicitly.

See Also:

System.getProperty(java.lang.String), setURLStreamHandlerFactory(java.net.URLStreamHandlerFactory), URLStreamHandler, URLStreamHandlerFactory.createURLStreamHandler(java.lang.String), SecurityManager.checkPermission(java.security.Permission), NetPermission

URL

public URL(String spec)
    throws MalformedURLException

Creates a URL object from the String representation.

This constructor is equivalent to a call to the two-argument constructor with a null first argument.

Parameters:

spec - the String to parse as a URL.

Throws:

MalformedURLException - If the string specifies an unknown protocol.

See Also:

URL(java.net.URL, java.lang.String)

URL

public URL(URL context,
           String spec)
    throws MalformedURLException

Creates a URL by parsing the specification spec within a specified context. If the context argument is not null and the spec argument is a partial URL specification, then any of the strings missing components are inherited from the context argument.

The specification given by the String argument is parsed to determine if it specifies a protocol. If the String contains an ASCII colon ':' character before the first occurrence of an ASCII slash character '/', then the characters before the colon comprise the protocol.

• If the spec argument does not specify a protocol:
  • If the context argument is not null, then the protocol is copied from the context argument.
  • If the context argument is null, then a MalformedURLException is thrown.
• If the spec argument does specify a protocol:
  • If the context argument is null, or specifies a different protocol than the specification argument, the context argument is ignored.
  • If the context argument is not null and specifies the same protocol as the specification, the host, port number, and file are copied from the context argument into the newly created URL.

The constructor then searches for an appropriate stream protocol handler of type URLStreamHandler as outlined for:

     java.net.URL#URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, int,
                      java.lang.String)
 

The stream protocol handler's parseURL method is called to parse the remaining fields of the specification that override any defaults set by the context argument.

Parameters:

context - the context in which to parse the specification.

spec - a String representation of a URL.

Throws:

MalformedURLException - if no protocol is specified, or an unknown protocol is found.

See Also:

URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, int, java.lang.String), URLStreamHandler, URLStreamHandler.parseURL(java.net.URL, java.lang.String, int, int)

URL

public URL(URL context,
           String spec,
           URLStreamHandler handler)
    throws MalformedURLException

Creates a URL by parsing the specification spec within a specified context. If the context argument is not null and the spec argument is a partial URL specification, then any of the strings missing components are inherited from the context argument.

The specification given by the String argument is parsed to determine if it specifies a protocol. If the String contains an ASCII colon ':' character before the first occurrence of an ASCII slash character '/', then the characters before the colon comprise the protocol.

• If the spec argument does not specify a protocol:
  • If the context argument is not null, then the protocol is copied from the context argument.
  • If the context argument is null, then a MalformedURLException is thrown.
• If the spec argument does specify a protocol:
  • If the context argument is null, or specifies a different protocol than the specification argument, the context argument is ignored.
  • If the context argument is not null and specifies the same protocol as the specification, the host, port number, and file are copied from the context argument into the newly created URL.

If the argument handler is specified then it will be used as the stream handler for the URL and will override that of the context. Specifying a stream handler requires the NetPermission "specifyStreamHandler" or a SecurityException will be thrown.

Otherwise, if handler is null and the context is valid then the protocol handler of the context will be inherited. The stream protocol handler's parseURL method is called to parse the remaining fields of the specification that override any defaults set by the context argument.

Parameters:

context - the context in which to parse the specification.

spec - a String representation of a URL.

handler - the stream handler for the URL.

Throws:

MalformedURLException - if no protocol is specified, or an unknown protocol is found.

SecurityException - if a security manager exists and its checkPermission method doesn't allow specifying a stream handler.

See Also:

URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, int, java.lang.String), URLStreamHandler, URLStreamHandler.parseURL(java.net.URL, java.lang.String, int, int)

Method Detail

set

protected void set(String protocol,
                   String host,
                   int port,
                   String file,
                   String ref)

Sets the fields of the URL. This is not a public method so that only URLStreamHandlers can modify URL fields. URLs are otherwise constant.

Parameters:

protocol - the protocol to use

host - the host name to connecto to

port - the protocol port to connect to

file - the specified file name on that host

ref - the reference

getPort

public int getPort()

Returns the port number of this URL. Returns -1 if the port is not set.

Returns:

the port number

getProtocol

public String getProtocol()

Returns the protocol name this URL.

Returns:

the protocol of this URL.

getHost

public String getHost()

Returns the host name of this URL, if applicable. For "file" protocol, this is an empty string.

Returns:

the host name of this URL.

getFile

public String getFile()

Returns the file name of this URL.

Returns:

the file name of this URL.

getRef

public String getRef()

Returns the anchor (also known as the "reference") of this URL.

Returns:

the anchor (also known as the "reference") of this URL.

equals

public boolean equals(Object obj)

Compares two URLs. The result is true if and only if the argument is not null and is a URL object that represents the same URL as this object. Two URL objects are equal if they have the same protocol and reference the same host, the same port number on the host, and the same file and anchor on the host.

Parameters:

obj - the URL to compare against.

Returns:

true if the objects are the same; false otherwise.

Overrides:

equals in class Object

hashCode

public int hashCode()

Creates an integer suitable for hash table indexing.

Returns:

a hash code for this URL.

Overrides:

hashCode in class Object

sameFile

public boolean sameFile(URL other)

Compares two URLs, excluding the "ref" fields. Returns true if this URL and the other argument both refer to the same resource. The two URLs might not both contain the same anchor.

Parameters:

other - the URL to compare against.

Returns:

true if they reference the same remote object; false otherwise.

toString

public String toString()

Constructs a string representation of this URL. The string is created by calling the toExternalForm method of the stream protocol handler for this object.

Returns:

a string representation of this object.

Overrides:

toString in class Object

See Also:

URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, int, java.lang.String), URLStreamHandler.toExternalForm(java.net.URL)

toExternalForm

public String toExternalForm()

Constructs a string representation of this URL. The string is created by calling the toExternalForm method of the stream protocol handler for this object.

Returns:

a string representation of this object.

See Also:

URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, int, java.lang.String), URLStreamHandler.toExternalForm(java.net.URL)

openConnection

public URLConnection openConnection()
                             throws IOException

Returns a URLConnection object that represents a connection to the remote object referred to by the URL.

A new connection is opened every time by calling the openConnection method of the protocol handler for this URL.

If for the URL's protocol (such as HTTP or JAR), there exists a public, specialized URLConnection subclass belonging to one of the following packages or one of their subpackages: java.lang, java.io, java.util, java.net, the connection returned will be of that subclass. For example, for HTTP an HttpURLConnection will be returned, and for JAR a JarURLConnection will be returned.

Returns:

a URLConnection to the URL.

Throws:

IOException - if an I/O exception occurs.

See Also:

URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, int, java.lang.String), URLConnection, URLStreamHandler.openConnection(java.net.URL)

openStream

public final InputStream openStream()
                             throws IOException

Opens a connection to this URL and returns an InputStream for reading from that connection. This method is a shorthand for:

     openConnection().getInputStream()
 

Returns:

an input stream for reading from the URL connection.

Throws:

IOException - if an I/O exception occurs.

See Also:

openConnection(), URLConnection.getInputStream()

getContent

public final Object getContent()
                        throws IOException

Returns the contents of this URL. This method is a shorthand for:

     openConnection().getContent()
 

Returns:

the contents of this URL.

Throws:

IOException - if an I/O exception occurs.

See Also:

URLConnection.getContent()

setURLStreamHandlerFactory

public static void setURLStreamHandlerFactory(URLStreamHandlerFactory fac)

Sets an application's URLStreamHandlerFactory. This method can be called at most once in a given Java Virtual Machine.

The URLStreamHandlerFactory instance is used to construct a stream protocol handler from a protocol name.

If there is a security manager, this method first calls the security manager's checkSetFactory method to ensure the operation is allowed. This could result in a SecurityException.

Parameters:

fac - the desired factory.

Throws:

Error - if the application has already set a factory.

SecurityException - if a security manager exists and its checkSetFactory method doesn't allow the operation.

See Also:

URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, int, java.lang.String), URLStreamHandlerFactory, SecurityManager.checkSetFactory()